Enfermedad arterial coronaria y vivencia de pérdidas

FUNDAMENTO: Na literatura, a depressão aparece associada a doenças cardiovasculares. A partir da experiência clínica, observou-se a categoria vivência de perdas associada à instalação e ao desenvolvimento da coronariopatia. A vivência de perdas, desencadeada por evento(s) significativo(s) apontado(s) pelo paciente, implica em processo de luto, remetendo-o aos fatores psicossociais predisponentes ao adoecer. OBJETIVO: Investigar vivência de perdas por meio da avaliação do estado de luto e de depressão, e verificar a relação entre ambos, em pacientes internados com doença arterial coronariana. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 44 pacientes internados, com os diagnósticos de infarto agudo do miocárdio ou angina, de 33 a 65 anos, 50% homens e 50% mulheres. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos: entrevista semi-estruturada para investigação de vivência de perdas e avaliação do estado de luto, e inventário de depressão de Beck para avaliação de depressão. Os resultados foram relacionados pelo programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versão 11.0. RESULTADOS: O estado de luto pode ser identificado em 66% dos casos, com significativa relação entre luto e depressão (p < 0,05). Observou-se ainda que 100% das pessoas com depressão grave apresentam luto. O evento significativo referido com mais frequência foi morte de familiares (47%) e de pessoa próxima (13%), totalizando 60% dos eventos relatados por 84% dos participantes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pelo inventário de depressão de Beck, 48% encontram-se em estado de depressão. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que a categoria vivência de perdas deve ser utilizada como indicativo de fator psicológico predisponente às manifestações da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), apontando para a relação entre luto e depressão.BACKGROUND: In literature, depression is associated with cardiovascular diseases. From clinical experience, we observed that the psychological category "experience of loss" was associated with the onset and development of coronary heart disease. The experience of loss caused by self-reported significant event(s) leads to grief and the psychosocial factors which predispose the patient to diseases. OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of the experience of loss by investigating the relationship between mourning and depression, in hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS: 44 inpatients (50% men and 50% women, aged 33 to 65 years), with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or angina, were evaluated. Two instruments were used: a semi-structured interview, for investigating the experience of loss and evaluating the state of grief; and the Beck Depression Inventory, for measuring the severity of depression. The results were expressed using the computer program Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 11.0. RESULTS: 66% of the patients were in mourning, the relationship between mourning and depression was significant (p<0,05), and we verified that 100% of the patients who had serious depression were in mourning. The most frequent self-reported significant event was death of a family member (47%) and death of a close person (13%), totaling 60% of the events, reported by 84% of the participants. According to the results of Beck Depression Inventory, 48% of them had depression. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the psychological category "experience of loss" should be used as an indicator of the existence of psychological factors that could predispose the patient to CAD, and also confirms the relationship between a state of mourning and depression.FUNDAMENTO: En la literatura, la depresión aparece asociada a enfermedades cardiovasculares. A partir de la experiencia clínica, se observó la categoría vivencia de pérdidas asociada a la instalación y al desarrollo de la coronariopatía. La vivencia de pérdidas, desencadenada por evento(s) significativo(s) señalados(s) por el paciente, implica en el proceso de luto, y remetiéndole a los factores psicosociales predisponentes a lo volverse enfermo. OBJETIVO: Investigar la vivencia de pérdidas por medio de la evaluación del estado de luto y de depresión, y verificar la relación entre ambos, en pacientes internados con enfermedad arterial coronaria. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron a 44 pacientes internados, con los diagnósticos de infarto agudo de miocardio o angina, de 33 a 65 años, 50% varones y 50% mujeres. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos: entrevista semiestructurada para investigación de vivencia de pérdidas y evaluación del estado de luto, e inventario de depresión de Beck para evaluación de depresión. Los resultados se analizaron con el empleo del programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versión 11.0. RESULTADOS: Se pudo identificar el 66% de los casos, con significativa relación entre luto y depresión (p < 0,05). Todavía se observó que el 100% de las personas con depresión severa presentan luto. El evento significativo referido con más frecuencia fue muerte de familiares (47%) y de persona próxima (13%), totalizando el 60% de los eventos relatados por el 84% de los participantes. Según los resultados obtenidos por el inventario de depresión de Beck, el 48% se encuentran en estado de depresión. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio sugiere que se debe considerar la categoría vivencia de pérdidas como un indicativo de factor psicológico predisponente a las manifestaciones de la enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC), señalando hacia la relación entre luto y depresión

Depressão e síndromes isquêmicas miocárdicas instáveis: diferenças entre homens e mulheres Depression and acute coronary syndromes: gender-related differences

OBJETIVO: Investigar, em portadores de Síndromes Isquêmicas Miocárdicas Instáveis (SIMI) estratificados por sexo, se características sociodemográficas, diagnóstico clínico, tabagismo, consumo de álcool e ansiedade estão associados com depressão. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 345 pacientes consecutivos com SIMI (206 com infarto agudo do miocárdio e 139 com angina instável). As entrevistas incluíram questões sobre características sociodemográficas, tabagismo, avaliação de depressão (Prime MD e BDI), de ansiedade traço e ansiedade estado (IDATE), e de consumo de álcool (AUDIT). RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico de depressão se correlacionou, significativamente, com sexo feminino, idade inferior a 50 anos e escores médios mais elevados de ansiedade traço e ansiedade estado. Os homens (245) com depressão eram freqüentemente mais jovens que 50 anos, fumantes, e apresentavam escore médio de ansiedade traço e ansiedade estado mais elevado que os não deprimidos. A análise multivariada aponta que, no sexo masculino, idade está negativamente associada (OR 0,9519, 95% IC 0,9261 - 0,9784) e escores mais altos de ansiedade traço estão positivamente associados (OR 1,0691 95% IC 1,0375 - 1,1017) com depressão. Na amostra feminina (100), mulheres com depressão diferenciam-se das sem depressão por apresentarem escore médio mais alto de ansiedade traço e de ansiedade estado. Na análise multivariada da amostra feminina, escore mais alto de ansiedade traço associou-se de forma independente à depressão (OR 1,1267 95% IC 1,0632-1,1940). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que, em pacientes hospitalizados com SIMI, as mulheres, os homens com menos de 50 anos e os ansiosos têm mais chance de apresentarem depressão.<br>OBJECTIVE: Investigate whether social and demographic characteristics, clinical diagnosis, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and anxiety are associated with depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) stratified by gender. METHODS: Three hundred forty-five consecutive patients with unstable myocardial ischemic syndrome (206 with myocardial infarction and 139 with unstable angina) were interviewed. The interviews included questions about sociodemographics, smoking status, screening for depression (Prime MD e BDI), trait and state anxiety, (IDATE), and alcohol consumption (AUDIT). RESULTS: Diagnosis of depression has significantly correlated with female gender, age under 50 years, and higher average scores on trait anxiety and state anxiety. Depressed men (245) were usually younger than 50 years of age, smokers and had higher average score on trait anxiety and state anxiety than those non-depressed. The multivariate analysis highlights that age is negatively associated with depression (OR 0.9519 95% CI 0.9261 - 0.9784) and that higher scores on trait anxiety are positively associated (OR 1.0691 95% CI 1.0375 - 1.1017) with depression in the male gender. In the female sample (100), depressed women differ from non-depressed women in that they have a higher average score on trait anxiety and state anxiety. In the multivariate analysis of the female sample, a higher score on trait anxiety was independently associated with depression (OR 1.1267 95% CI 1.0632 - 1.1940). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that, among hospitalized patients with ACS, women, as well as men under 50 years and who suffer from anxiety are more likely to experience depression

Smoking-associated factors in myocardial infarction and unstable angina: Do gender differences exist?

The aim of this study was to investigate demographic and psychological characteristics associated with smoking in patients with acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction or unstable angina). Interviews were conducted with 348 consecutive hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome and included questions about demographic characteristics, coffee consumption, heart disease risk perception, economic status, alcohol consumption, depression, anxiety, and stress. Female group multivariate analysis showed that smoking in females was significantly and negatively associated with age, heart disease risk perception, and positively associated with coffee consumption. Male group multivariate analysis showed that for males, smoking was significantly and negatively associated with age, heart disease risk perception, and positively associated with coffee and alcohol consumption. Unlike studies conducted with non-heart disease patients, our results do not show an association between smoking and depression. Compared with nonsmokers, smokers with acute coronary syndrome are younger, more likely to drink coffee, and less likely to perceive smoking as a heart disease risk. Male smokers are also more likely to drink alcohol, indicating that they use more psycho-stimulants than do nonsmoking men and women who smoke. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Univ São Paulo, Sch Med, Inst Heart, Dept Psychol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Med, Inst Heart, Acute Coronary Dis Unit, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Alcohol & Drug Res Unit, UNIAD, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Alcohol & Drug Res Unit, UNIAD, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Depression: a predictor of smoking relapse in a 6-month follow-up after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome

Objective The objective of the study was to investigate whether depression is a predictor of postdischarge smoking relapse among patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina (ILIA), in a smoke-free hospital. Methods Current smokers with MI or UA were interviewed while hospitalized; patients classified with major depression (MD) or no humor disorder were reinterviewed 6 months post discharge to ascertain smoking status. Potential predictors of relapse (depression; stress; anxiety; heart disease risk perception; coffee and alcohol consumption; sociodemographic, clinical, and smoking habit characteristics) were compared between those with MD (n = 268) and no humor disorder (n = 135). Results Relapsers (40.4%) were more frequently and more severely depressed, had higher anxiety and lower self-efficacy scale scores, diagnosis of UA, shorter hospitalizations, started smoking younger, made fewer attempts to quit, had a consort less often, and were more frequently at the `precontemplation` stage of change. Multivariate analysis showed relapse-positive predictors to be MD [odds ratio (OR): 2.549; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.519-4.275] (P<0.001); `precontemplation` stage of change (OR: 7.798; 95% CI: 2.442-24.898) (P<0.001); previous coronary bypass graft surgery (OR: 4.062; 95% CI: 1.356-12.169) (P=0.012); and previous anxiolytic use (OR: 2.365; 95% CI: 1.095-5.107) (P=0.028). Negative predictors were diagnosis of MI (OR: 0.575; 95% CI: 0.361-0.916) (P=0.019); duration of hospitalization (OR: 0.935; 95% CI: 0.898-0.973) (P=0.001); smoking onset age (OR: 0.952; 95% CI: 0.910-0.994) (P=0.028); number of attempts to quit smoking (OR: 0.808; 95% CI: 0.678-0.964) (P=0.018); and `action` stage of change (OR: 0.065; 95% CI: 0.008-0.532) (P= 0.010). Conclusion Depression, no motivation, shorter hospitalization, and severity of illness contributed to postdischarge resumption of smoking by patients with acute coronary syndrome, who underwent hospital-initiated smoking cessation

The Wada Test: contributions to standardization of the stimulus for language and memory assessment

The Wada Test (WT) is part of the presurgical evaluation for refractory epilepsy. The WT is not standardized and the protocols differ in important ways, including stimulus type of material presented for memory testing, timing of presentations and methods of assessment. The aim of this study was to contribute to establish parameters for a WT to Brazilian population investigating the performance of 100 normal subjects, without medication. Two parallel models were used based on Montreal Procedure adapted from Gail Risse's (MEG-MN,EUA) protocol. The proportions of correct responses of normal subjects submitted to two parallel WT models were investigated and the two models were compared. The results showed that the two models are similar but significant differences among the stimulus type were observed. The results suggest that the stimulus type may influence the results of the WT and should be considered when constructing models and comparing different protocols

Psychological criteria for contraindication in lung transplant candidates: a five-year study

Lung transplantation presents a wide range of challenges for multidisciplinary teams that manage the care of the recipients. Transplant teams should perform a thorough evaluation of transplant candidates, in order to ensure the best possible post-transplant outcomes. That is especially true for the psychologist, because psychological issues can arise at any point during the perioperative period. The objective of our study was to evaluate the psychological causes of contraindication to waiting list inclusion in a referral program for lung transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed data on psychological issues presented by lung transplant candidates, in order to understand these matters in our population and to reflect upon ways to improve the selection process